Exploring Women and Family Relationships in Digital Poetry: An Analysis of Indonesian and Indian Poems

Redaktur SuaraAnakNegeri -February 15, 2025

By: Yusuf Achmad

(Yusuf Achmad is an Indonesian poet, an academic at the Polytechnic of Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia)

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The writing of poetry on digital platforms is expanding, with a diverse range of poems enriching Indonesian literature. One particularly intriguing theme is poetry that explores women and family relationships. Although these themes are less prevalent compared to those centered on politics or youthful romance, they hold significant literary value. The contributions of poets from both Indonesia and abroad further enhance the richness of Indonesian poetry.

Given this context, the author is interested in analyzing several poems that highlight themes of womanhood and parent-child relationships. In light of contemporary social issues—such as cases of children harming their parents, the erosion of family values, and moral decline—the increasing influence of digital literature underscores the need for a deeper appreciation of poetry that delves into these themes.

This study examines four selected poems from India and Indonesia—two poems by an Indian poet and two poems by Indonesian poets—each centered on women and familial bonds:

1. “March 08” – Bhawani Shankar Nial

2. “Father” – Bhawani Shankar Nial

3. “Ibu, Akar yang Menembus Batu” – Leni Marlina

4. “Mama” – Anto Narasoma

The first two poems are written by the esteemed Indian poet Dr. Bhawani Shankar Nial and are featured in his book A Tapestry of Words.

The latter two poems, authored by active Indonesian poets Leni Marlina and Anto Narasoma, are part of the Pondok Puisi Inspirasi Masyarakat (PPIPM-Indonesia) – Poetry Community for Indonesian Society’s Inspirations, an initiative dedicated to the appreciation and development of poetry. These works have been published on the digital media platform suaraanaknegerinews.com.

This study employs feminist literary criticism with a multifaceted approach, analyzing the stylistic elements of each poem to explore how they reflect and challenge societal perspectives on women and family relationships.

1. Analysis of the Poem “March 08”

This poem, when observed from its form, shows simplicity. The use of short words and sentences, along with a symmetrical structure from top to bottom, indicates that this poem is carefully composed in line with the soul and the “I” of the poem.

Structure and Style:

The poem is arranged with clear symmetry, where each line is neatly and orderly composed. This reflects calmness and stability, illustrating the character of women as a center of strength and resilience.

The use of semicolons (;) and commas (,) provides the right pauses for reading, allowing the reader to reflect on each line and the meanings contained within.

Theme and Meaning

To uncover the content or theme of this poem, the words can be collected and entered into a table, which will appear as follows:

1. Table of Theme and Subtheme Analysis

No	Main Theme	Subtheme	Text Example	Explanation
1	Women’s Identity	Mother	“Mother of Many a civilization”	Shows the important role of women as the backbone of civilization
2		Daughter	“Daughter, Daughter-in-law”	Reflects the various roles played by women within the family
3		Witness to History	“Witness, Beholding myriad Rise and Fall”	The role of women as witnesses in history and changes in civilization

The table analyzes themes and subthemes related to women’s identity in the poem. The main theme, “Women’s Identity,” includes the subtheme “Mother,” with “Mother of Many a civilization,” highlighting women as the backbone of civilization and their contributions to societal development. The subtheme “Daughter,” illustrated by “Daughter, Daughter-in-law,” showcases the various roles women play within the family, reflecting their multifaceted identities.

“Witness to History,” captured by “Witness, Beholding myriad Rise and Fall,” emphasizes women’s roles as observers and participants in historical events, acknowledging their enduring presence and influence. This analysis underscores the diverse and crucial roles women play in shaping families, societies, and history.

2. Table of Stylistic Devices Analysis

No	Stylistic Device	Text Example	Function and Effect
1	Metaphor	“Mother of Many a civilization”	Highlights the importance of the mother’s role in civilization
2	Anaphora	“She is; She is;”	Provides rhythm and emphasis on women’s identity
3	Imagery	“Rise and Fall Over the ages”	Creates a strong visual image of women as witnesses to history

This analysis delves into the use of various stylistic devices to enrich the poem and underscore its themes. The first device, metaphor, is illustrated by the phrase “Mother of Many a civilization.” This metaphor highlights the crucial role of mothers in the development and sustenance of civilizations, emphasizing their foundational importance. The second device, anaphora, is exemplified by the repeated phrase “She is; She is;”. This repetition provides a rhythmic quality to the poem, reinforcing the identity and significance of women through constant emphasis. It creates a powerful, almost chant-like effect that underscores the continuity and ubiquity of women’s presence and contributions.

The use of imagery is seen in the phrase “Rise and Fall Over the ages.” This vivid imagery creates a strong visual representation of women as witnesses to history, capturing the enduring and omnipresent role they play in observing and shaping the progression of human civilization. Together, these stylistic devices enhance the poem’s emotional impact and thematic depth, providing a richer and more evocative portrayal of women’s identities and roles throughout history.

3. Table of Social and Cultural Context Analysis

No	Aspect of Context	Explanation	Relevance to the Poem
1	Historical Civilization	Women’s role in history and civilization	Shows and illustrates women as the backbone and witnesses of history
2	Family Culture	The structure of the family and women’s roles within it	Illustrates the various roles played by women within the family
3	Gender and Patriarchy	The relationship between gender and patriarchy in a social and cultural context	Criticizes the patterns and norms of patriarchy that limit women

This analysis focuses on the social and cultural context reflected in the poem, highlighting the pivotal roles of women in various domains. The first aspect, “Historical Civilization,” explains the significant role of women in history and civilization. The poem illustrates women as the backbone and witnesses of history, emphasizing their enduring contributions and presence throughout historical events and societal changes. The second aspect, “Family Culture,” delves into the structure of the family and the roles women play within it. This highlights the various responsibilities and identities that women navigate in familial settings, showcasing their indispensable roles in maintaining family cohesion and nurturing relationships.

The third aspect, “Gender and Patriarchy,” examines the relationship between gender and patriarchal norms in a social and cultural context. The poem criticizes the patterns and norms of patriarchy that limit women’s potential and freedoms. It sheds light on the societal constraints imposed on women, calling for a reevaluation of gender roles and advocating for greater recognition of women’s contributions and capabilities. Overall, these aspects of social and cultural context enrich the understanding of the poem’s portrayal of women, emphasizing their strength, resilience, and critical roles in both family and society.

4. Table of Women’s Roles and Identities Analysis

No	Women’s Role	Text Example	Analysis
1	Mother	“Mother of Many a civilization”	Illustrates the central role of mothers in civilization and history
2	Daughter	“Daughter, Daughter-in-law”	Shows the various roles women play within the family
3	Witness to History	“Witness, Beholding myriad Rise and Fall”	Women as witnesses to changes in civilization and history

This analysis delves into the various roles and identities attributed to women in the poem. The first role, “Mother,” is exemplified by the phrase “Mother of Many a civilization.” This text highlights the central role of mothers in civilization and history, illustrating their foundational importance in nurturing and sustaining societies.

The second role, “Daughter,” is reflected in the text “Daughter, Daughter-in-law.” This showcases the diverse roles women play within the family, emphasizing their multifaceted identities and the different responsibilities they assume in familial relationships.

Lastly, the role of “Witness to History” is captured by the phrase “Witness, Beholding myriad Rise and Fall.” This text underscores the significant role of women as observers and participants in historical events, acknowledging their enduring presence and influence throughout the changes in civilization and history. Overall, these roles emphasize the essential contributions of women to both family and society.

Conclusion

The poem “March 08” simply yet profoundly portrays the roles and identities of women in history and society. The use of symmetrical structure and simple stylistic devices strengthens the theme and meaning of this poem. The analysis of “March 08” reveals how Dr. Bhawani Shankar Nial’s poems highlight women’s empowerment, identity, and the relationship between humans. Through the use of feminist theory, we can gain a deeper understanding of the meaning and message contained in the poem.

2. Analysis of the Poem “Father”:

As with the first analysis, this second analysis begins by examining the form of the poem “Father.” Compared to the poem “March 08,” this second poem is longer. Let’s take a closer look at the structure and style used in this poem.

Structure and Style

This poem consists of several longer lines filled with detail, reflecting the complexity of the relationship between the child and the father portrayed in the poem.  Words such as “mother’s womb,” “father,” “solace,” and “inexhaustible power of the womb” highlight the main theme of this poem, which is the relationship between the child and the parents and the strong influence the parents have.

Narrative Style: This poem is written in a narrative style that describes the life journey of the child from birth to adulthood, emphasizing the father’s role in guiding and protecting the child.

The use of commas (,) and semicolons (;) provides the right pauses for reading, allowing the reader to reflect on each line and the meanings contained within. This punctuation provides a slow and calm rhythm, reflecting the gentleness and patience of a mother.

Theme and Meaning

To uncover the content or theme of this poem, the words can be collected and entered into a table, which will appear as follows:

1. Table of Theme and Subtheme Analysis

No	Main Theme	Subtheme	Text Example	Explanation
1	Family Relationship	Child and Father Bond	“Treated I was with / Many a charmed bath / On customary rituals”	Shows the rituals performed by the father for his child since birth.
2	Growth	Father’s Guidance	“Holding my finger / In his grip / Made me roam / Many a planet and star”	Illustrates how the father guides the child through various experiences.
3	Resilience	Father’s Strength	“Recollecting the inexhaustible power / Of the womb”	Shows the strength and resilience passed from mother to child through the father.

This thematic analysis focuses on the relationship between a child and their father, highlighting themes of family bonds, growth, and resilience. The first main theme, “Family Relationship,” is explored through the subtheme “Child and Father Bond.” The text example “Treated I was with / Many a charmed bath / On customary rituals” illustrates the rituals performed by the father for his child since birth, emphasizing the nurturing and affectionate bond shared between them.

The second theme, “Growth,” includes the subtheme “Father’s Guidance,” as depicted in the text “Holding my finger / In his grip / Made me roam / Many a planet and star.” This example shows how the father guides the child through various experiences, fostering their development and helping them explore the world.

The theme of “Resilience” is reflected by the subtheme “Father’s Strength,” with the text “Recollecting the inexhaustible power / Of the womb.” This highlights the strength and resilience passed from mother to child through the father, emphasizing the interconnectedness of family support and the enduring power of parental influence.

Overall, this analysis underscores the significant role of fathers in shaping their children’s lives, providing love, guidance, and strength.

2. Table of Stylistic Devices Analysis

No	Stylistic Device	Text Example	Function and Effect
1	Narrative	“The moment / I popped out of / My mother’s womb”	Describes the child’s life journey from birth to adulthood.
2	Imagery	“Made me roam / Many a planet and star”	Helps the reader visualize the experiences undergone by the child.
3	Repetition	“Of / Birth, death / Infancy, youth,”	Emphasizes important stages in the life journey.

This table 2 analysis focuses on the use of various stylistic devices to enhance the poem and its themes. The first device, narrative, is illustrated by the phrase “The moment / I popped out of / My mother’s womb.” This narrative element describes the child’s life journey from birth to adulthood, providing a chronological framework that helps the reader follow the progression of events and experiences.

The second device, imagery, is exemplified by the text “Made me roam / Many a planet and star.” This vivid imagery helps the reader visualize the experiences undergone by the child, creating a sense of adventure and exploration that enriches the portrayal of the father’s guidance.

The use of repetition is seen in the phrase “Of / Birth, death / Infancy, youth.” This repetition emphasizes important stages in the life journey, highlighting the cyclical nature of existence and the significant milestones that shape a person’s development. Together, these stylistic devices enhance the poem’s emotional impact and thematic depth, making the experiences and relationships more evocative and meaningful.

3. Table of Social and Cultural Context Analysis

No	Aspect of Context	Explanation	Relevance to the Poem
1	Family Values	The importance of the father-child relationship in certain cultures.	The poem emphasizes the father’s role in guiding the child through life.
2	Traditional Rituals	Rituals performed since birth reflect customs and culture.	“Treated I was with / Many a charmed bath / On customary rituals”
3	Education	Informal education given by the father through stories and experiences.	“From / Day to night / New-moon to full-moon”

Next on the table above explores the social and cultural contexts analysis reflected in the poem, highlighting important aspects such as family values, traditional rituals, and education. The first aspect, “Family Values,” emphasizes the importance of the father-child relationship in certain cultures. The poem underscores the father’s role in guiding the child through life, showcasing the deep bond and influence a father has on their child’s development and growth.

The second aspect, “Traditional Rituals,” delves into the customs and culture that shape a child’s upbringing. The text example “Treated I was with / Many a charmed bath / On customary rituals” illustrates the rituals performed since birth, reflecting the cultural significance of these practices in nurturing and bonding within the family.

The aspect of “Education” highlights the informal education provided by the father through stories and experiences. The text “From / Day to night / New-moon to full-moon” depicts how the father imparts knowledge and life lessons to the child, emphasizing the continuous and all-encompassing nature of this informal education. Together, these aspects enrich the understanding of the poem’s portrayal of the father’s multifaceted role in the family and the cultural context that shapes these relationships.

4. Table of Women’s Roles and Identities Analysis

No	Women’s Role	Text Example	Analysis
1	Mother as Life Giver	“The inexhaustible power / Of the womb”	Illustrates the important role of the mother in providing life and strength.
2	Mother as Inspiration	“Recollecting the inexhaustible power / Of the womb”	The role of the mother as a source of inspiration for the strength passed on to the child.

This fourth table analysis explores the roles and identities attributed to women, particularly mothers, in the poem. The first role, “Mother as Life Giver,” is exemplified by the text “The inexhaustible power / Of the womb.” This phrase highlights the significant role of the mother in providing life and strength, emphasizing her foundational importance in nurturing and sustaining her children.

The second role, “Mother as Inspiration,” is captured by the text “Recollecting the inexhaustible power / Of the womb.” This phrase illustrates the mother’s role as a source of inspiration, highlighting the strength she passes on to her child. The repetition of the imagery relatfourth tableed to the womb underscores the mother’s enduring influence and the powerful legacy of resilience and determination she imparts to her offspring.

These roles emphasize the essential contributions of mothers in both providing life and serving as a source of inspiration and strength for their children. The analysis highlights the multifaceted identities of mothers and their profound impact on the lives of their families.

Conclusion

The poem “Father” provides a deep and meaningful depiction of the relationship between the child and the father. The use of narrative style and strong imagery creates a vivid visual representation of the child’s life journey, while repetition emphasizes important life stages. The poem underscores the values of family and the father’s role in guiding the child through various life experiences.

Analysis of the poem reveals how Dr. Bhawani Shankar Nial’s works highlight the empowerment of women, identity, and human relationships with nature. Through the use of feminist theory with a multifaceted approach, we can gain a deeper understanding of the meaning and message contained in the poem

3. Poem “Mother, Roots that Penetrate Stone”

If the two previously discussed poems are works from India by male poets, now let’s analysis a poem by a female poet from Indonesia, Leni Marlina. Judging from the title, this poem has a longer title compared to the three other poems mentioned earlier.

The title alone reflects a profound poetic nuance. The length of this poem’s title does not diminish its value; on the contrary, it provides a unique attraction for readers to read the entire poem.

Compared to the two poems from India that use English, this third poem remains in Indonesian without being translated into English. This aims to capture the nuance and feel of the Indonesian language better than if it were in English.

Furthermore, this female poet can be linked to feminist theory. According to Sapardi Djoko Damono, “Female characters created by female authors appear more as ‘female humans'” (Djajanegara xii: 2000). Besides the advantages above, it is also worth examining the form and structure of this third poem:

Structure and Style

This poem uses short, simple words and sentences rich in meaning. The use of straightforward language makes it easy for readers to understand and enjoy. Each line of the poem conveys a strong and profound message.

The poem is arranged with clear symmetry, where each line is neatly and orderly composed. This reflects calmness and stability, likely illustrating the mother’s role as the center of strength and resilience. This symmetry also reinforces the message that even though the mother works underground, she still writes poetry with perfect balance.

The use of commas (,) and semicolons (;) provides the right pauses for reading, allowing the reader to reflect on each line and the meanings contained within. This punctuation provides a slow and calm rhythm, reflecting the gentleness and patience of a mother.

Like the previous poems, this poem also uses tables to help uncover its meaning and theme, as follows:

1. Table of Theme and Subtheme Analysis

No	Main Theme	Subtheme	Text Example	Explanation
1	Mother’s Love	Life-Giving Prayer	“engkau adalah doa yang menyamar menjadi akar”	The mother is depicted as a loving figure through her prayers.
2	Patience	Eroding Hard Stone	“yang mengikis karang dengan kesabaran berabad”	The mother’s limitless patience is likened to the ocean.
3	Courage	Hands that Flow with Dreams	“kedua tanganmu adalah sungai yang tak henti mengalir”	The mother is depicted as a brave figure who always supports her children.

This thematic analysis focuses on the depiction of mothers in various texts, highlighting themes of “Mother’s Love,” “Patience,” and “Courage.” In the theme of “Mother’s Love,” the subtheme “Life-Giving Prayer” is illustrated by the text “engkau adalah doa yang menyamar menjadi akar,” portraying the mother as a loving figure whose prayers nourish and support life, much like the roots of a plant. The theme of “Patience” is captured through the subtheme “Eroding Hard Stone,” with the example “yang mengikis karang dengan kesabaran berabad” showcasing the mother’s boundless patience, likened to the ocean’s gradual erosion of rocks over centuries.

Additionally, the theme of “Courage” is expressed through the subtheme “Hands that Flow with Dreams,” with the text “kedua tanganmu adalah sungai yang tak henti mengalir” emphasizing the mother’s bravery and constant support for her children, symbolized by ever-flowing rivers. This thematic analysis underscores the multifaceted portrayal of mothers as loving, patient, and courageous figures in the selected texts, providing a deep and nuanced understanding of the maternal role in these narratives.

2. Table of Stylistic Devices Analysis

No	Stylistic Device	Text Example	Function and Effect
1	Metaphor	“engkau adalah doa yang menyamar menjadi akar”	Provides a strong image of the mother’s love.
2	Personification	“dengan huruf-huruf embun”	Gives life to natural elements.
3	Simile	“kelembutan yang lebih tajam dari tepi pedang”	Strengthens the image of the mother’s gentle strength.

This second table analysis various stylistic devices used in texts to enhance the portrayal of mothers. The first device, metaphor, is illustrated by the phrase “engkau adalah doa yang menyamar menjadi akar,” which provides a vivid image of a mother’s love by comparing it to a prayer that becomes the roots of a plant. This metaphor highlights the nurturing and life-giving aspect of a mother’s affection.

The second device, personification, is exemplified by “dengan huruf-huruf embun,” which gives life to natural elements by attributing human characteristics to dewdrops. This personification creates a delicate and enchanting image, adding depth to the depiction of the mother’s presence.

The third device, simile, is found in the text “kelembutan yang lebih tajam dari tepi pedang,” which strengthens the image of the mother’s gentle strength by comparing her softness to the sharp edge of a sword. This simile emphasizes the paradoxical nature of a mother’s tenderness, which is both gentle and powerful. Together, these stylistic devices enrich the literary portrayal of mothers, making the descriptions more evocative and meaningful.

3. Table of Social and Cultural Context Analysis

No	Aspect of Context	Explanation	Relevance to the Poem
1	Mother’s Role in Family	The mother as a source of love, strength, and calmness.	The poem emphasizes the importance of the mother’s role in life.
2	Eastern Culture	Emphasis on patience and gentleness.	Illustrates high cultural values.

The poem underscores the importance of the mother’s role in the family, portraying her as a source of love, strength, and calmness. This central theme highlights how mothers play a crucial part in providing emotional support and stability, which is essential for the well-being and harmony of the family. The poem vividly illustrates the significance of the mother’s presence and contributions to family life.

Additionally, the poem reflects aspects of Eastern culture, emphasizing patience and gentleness as key virtues. These cultural values are woven into the portrayal of the mother, showcasing the high regard for these qualities within the society. Through the depiction of the mother’s patience and gentle nature, the poem reinforces the cultural ideals and the esteemed position of the mother in the family and community.

4. Table of Women’s Roles and Identities Analysis

No	Women’s Role	Text Example	Analysis
1	Life Giver	“mencipta kehidupan dari hampa”	The mother is depicted as a life giver through her love.
2	Provider of Life Lessons	“menanamkan pelajaran di pori-pori batu”	The mother imparts life lessons through her actions.
3	Family Supporter	“engkau adalah akar yang tak terlihat”	The mother acts as the main support maintaining family stability.

This fourth table above analysis focuses on the various roles and identities attributed to women, particularly mothers, in the selected texts. Firstly, the role of the “Life Giver” is highlighted by the phrase “mencipta kehidupan dari hampa,” portraying the mother as a source of life through her boundless love and nurturing nature. This depiction underscores the fundamental and irreplaceable role that mothers play in the creation and sustenance of life.

The mother is depicted as a “Provider of Life Lessons” with the text “menanamkan pelajaran di pori-pori batu,” illustrating how she imparts essential life lessons through her actions and experiences. This metaphor emphasizes the enduring and influential impact of a mother’s teachings on her children’s growth and character development.

The role of the “Family Supporter” is exemplified by the phrase “engkau adalah akar yang tak terlihat,” likening the mother to invisible roots that provide stability and support to the family. This image conveys the indispensable role mothers play in maintaining the cohesion and strength of the family unit. Overall, these roles and identities emphasize the multifaceted contributions of mothers to both family and society.Conclusion

Conclusion

From the above discussion, a common thread can be drawn. The poem “Ibu, Akar yang Menembus Batu” portrays the mother as a figure full of strength, love, and patience. This poem uses simple yet meaningful language and is arranged with beautiful symmetry, reflecting the stability and calmness possessed by a mother.

In terms of theme, this poem elevates the mother’s love, patience, and courage as the main themes, with subthemes enriching the poem’s meaning. The stylistic devices used, such as metaphor, personification, and simile, provide a strong image of the mother’s love, patience, and gentle strength.

The social and cultural context in this poem emphasizes the importance of the mother’s role in the family and Eastern cultural values, such as patience and gentleness. The analysis of women’s roles and identities in this poem shows that the mother is depicted as a life giver, provider of life lessons, and the main support of the family.

Overall, the poem “Mother, Roots that Penetrate Stone” presents the mother as the center of strength, love, and resilience in life, with gentleness stronger than harshness, and patience that erodes the hardness of the world.

5. Poem “Mama”

The last poem to be analysis further is the work of a male poet from Indonesia.His name is Anto Narasoma. His poetry is also written in Indonesian, not English. Like the third poem, this final poem is not translated to preserve the nuance and feel of the Indonesian language. To explore further the form, structure, and style of the poem “Mama,” let’s consider the following explanation.

Structure and Style

This poem uses varied and combined longs and short words and or sentences. However, the simple words and sentences yet rich in emotional meaning. The use of everyday language makes it easy to understand and relevant for the reader. Although this poem does not have strict symmetry, each line is well-organized and follows the natural flow of the poet’s feelings and thoughts. This reflects the complex and dynamic emotions in the life of a mother depicted in the poem.

The use of punctuation such as commas (,) provides a slow rhythm and creates the right pauses for readers to reflect on each line. This punctuation helps convey the deep and intimate feelings felt by the mother and her children.

1. Table of Theme and Subtheme Analysis

No	Main Theme	Subtheme	Text Example	Explanation
1	Mother’s Struggles	Weariness in the Journey	“raut wajahmu yang lelah begitu memancar”	Depicts the physical and emotional exhaustion experienced by the mother.
2	Sacrifice and Love	Hidden Prayers	“segala doa yang kau simpan di bawah lipatan baju”	The mother’s prayers for her children that are always kept in her heart.
3	Sadness and Loss	Determination and Tears	“harta yang ada di pundakmu hanya tekad dan air mata”	Describes the mother’s struggles filled with tears and determination.

This thematic analysis explores the complex and multifaceted experiences of mothers as depicted in various texts. The first main theme, “Mother’s Struggles,” is highlighted by the subtheme “Weariness in the Journey.” The text “raut wajahmu yang lelah begitu memancar” portrays the physical and emotional exhaustion that mothers often endure, emphasizing the relentless nature of their responsibilities and the toll it takes on their well-being.

The second theme, “Sacrifice and Love,” is exemplified by the subtheme “Hidden Prayers.” The phrase “segala doa yang kau simpan di bawah lipatan baju” symbolizes the mother’s constant and heartfelt prayers for her children, which she keeps close to her heart, illustrating the depth of her love and sacrifice.

Finally, the theme of “Sadness and Loss” includes the subtheme “Determination and Tears.” The text “harta yang ada di pundakmu hanya tekad dan air mata” describes the mother’s struggles, marked by her tears and unwavering determination. This poignant imagery highlights the emotional challenges mothers face and their steadfast resolve to support their families despite the hardships.

2. Table of Stylistic Devices Analysis

No	Stylistic Device	Text Example	Function and Effect
1	Metaphor	“doa yang kau simpan di bawah lipatan baju”	Provides a strong image of the mother’s prayers that are always hidden but present.
2	Personification	“segala doa yang memendar di antara pajar hingga petang”	Gives the impression that these prayers are alive and ongoing throughout the day.
3	Rhetorical Question	“kerja apa yang kau lakukan untuk membaca persoalan…?”	Invites readers to reflect on the limitless roles and efforts of a mother.

The table above analysis focuses on the use of various stylistic devices to enhance the depiction of mothers in the text. The first device, metaphor, is illustrated by the phrase “doa yang kau simpan di bawah lipatan baju.” This metaphor creates a strong image of the mother’s prayers, which are always hidden but ever-present, symbolizing the constant and private nature of her hopes and wishes for her children.

The second device, personification, is exemplified by the text “segala doa yang memendar di antara pajar hingga petang.” This personification gives the impression that the prayers are alive and ongoing throughout the day, adding a sense of vitality and continuity to the mother’s expressions of care and concern.

The third device, rhetorical question, is found in the phrase “kerja apa yang kau lakukan untuk membaca persoalan…?” This rhetorical question invites readers to reflect on the limitless roles and efforts of a mother, encouraging deeper consideration of her multifaceted responsibilities and contributions. These stylistic devices enrich the literary portrayal of mothers, making the descriptions more evocative and meaningful.

3. Table of Social and Cultural Context Analysis

No	Aspect of Context	Explanation	Relevance to the Poem
1	Mother’s Role in Family	The mother as a source of strength and endless sacrifice.	The poem emphasizes the importance of the mother’s role in raising her children.
2	Value of Sacrifice	Emphasis on the mother’s sacrifices for the well-being of her children.	Illustrates the high cultural value of sacrifice.

This third table explores the social and cultural context analysis reflected in the poem, particularly focusing on the role and sacrifices of mothers. The first aspect, “Mother’s Role in Family,” explains how the mother is depicted as a source of strength and endless sacrifice. The poem emphasizes the critical importance of the mother’s role in raising her children, highlighting her unwavering support and dedication to her family.

The second aspect, “Value of Sacrifice,” underscores the emphasis on the mother’s sacrifices for the well-being of her children. This theme illustrates the high cultural value placed on sacrifice, showcasing the deep respect and admiration for a mother’s selflessness within the society. Together, these aspects of social and cultural context enhance the understanding of the poem’s portrayal of maternal devotion and the esteemed position of mothers in the family and community.

4. Table of Women’s Roles and Identities Analysis

No	Women’s Role	Text Example	Analysis
1	Life Giver	“memendar di antara pajar hingga petang”	The mother is depicted as a figure who is always present and gives life.
2	Emotional Supporter	“raut wajahmu yang lelah begitu memancar”	The mother always provides support even in a weary state.
3	Family Sustainer	“kau masih berkubang dalam aroma pasar bagi mulut-mulut anakmu”	The mother acts as the family sustainer by working hard for her children.

The fourth table analysis delves into the diverse roles and identities attributed to women, particularly mothers, in the text. The first role, “Life Giver,” is illustrated by the phrase “memendar di antara pajar hingga petang.” This depicts the mother as a figure who is always present, symbolizing her constant and life-giving presence throughout the day.

The second role, “Emotional Supporter,” is exemplified by the text “raut wajahmu yang lelah begitu memancar.” This highlights the mother’s unwavering support, even when she is weary, emphasizing her role as a source of emotional strength and resilience for her family.

Lastly, the role of “Family Sustainer” is depicted through the phrase “kau masih berkubang dalam aroma pasar bagi mulut-mulut anakmu.” This imagery portrays the mother as the main provider and sustainer of the family, working hard to ensure the well-being of her children. Together, these roles underscore the multifaceted contributions of mothers to their families and communities, highlighting their indispensable presence and sacrifices.

Conclusion of Poem “Mama”

After presenting and explaining each table, we now conclude the analysis. The poem “Mama” depicts the struggles, sacrifices, and love of a mother using simple yet meaningful language. The main themes of the poem include the mother’s struggles, sacrifices, love, and loss. These subthemes provide more specific details, such as weariness in the journey, hidden prayers, and determination and tears that describe the mother’s struggles.

The use of stylistic devices in this poem, such as metaphor, personification, and rhetorical questions, successfully conveys the deep and intimate feelings felt by the mother and her children. Metaphors like “the prayers you keep under your clothes” provide a strong image of the mother’s constant, though hidden, presence. Personification gives the impression that these prayers are alive and ongoing throughout the day. Rhetorical questions invite the reader to reflect on the limitless roles and efforts of a mother.

The social and cultural context in this poem emphasizes the importance of the mother as a source of strength and endless sacrifice. High cultural values, such as patience and gentleness, are also depicted in this poem. The analysis of women’s roles and identities in this poem shows that the mother is depicted as a life giver, emotional supporter, and family sustainer. This explanation helps the reader understand how the roles and identities of women are expressed in the poem and provides a deeper understanding of its meaning and message.

General Conclusion from All Poems

We have taken look at the four poems that have been discussed and analysis. They are beautiful works that touch the hearts of every reader. In fact, they can be used as references to understand the meaning of a mother or parent specifically, and family relationships in general. By looking at various aspects as discussed, we can get a general picture of the uniqueness, beauty, and meaning as well as the theme of the above poems.

The poems analyzed in this writing are “March 08,” “Father,” “Mama,” and “Ibu, Akar yang Menembus Batu.” Each of them present a profound perspective on the roles of women and family relationships. These poems beautifully depict the roles of mothers, fathers, and the relationship between children and parents through the use of simple yet meaningful language, and varied styles and structures.

“March 08” highlights the identity of women in various roles they undertake, from mother, daughter, to witness of history. The use of symmetrical structure and simple language strengthens the theme and meaning of this poem, making it easy for readers to understand and enjoy. This analysis reveals how Dr. Bhawani Shankar Nial’s poems emphasize the empowerment of women and the human relationship with nature.

“Father” provides a deep view of the relationship between a child and a father, depicting a life journey filled with guidance and protection from the father. The narrative style and strong imagery create a vivid visual impression, while repetition emphasizes important stages in the child’s life. This poem underscores the importance of family values and the father’s role in guiding the child through various life experiences.

“Mama” and “Ibu, Akar yang Menembus Batu” depict the struggles, sacrifices, and love of a mother. The use of metaphors, personification, and rhetorical questions in these poems successfully convey the deep and emotional feelings of a mother who fights for her children. The social and cultural context associated with these poems emphasizes the importance of the mother’s role in the family and the high value of sacrifice in culture.

Overall, these four poems not only present aesthetic beauty but also convey profound moral and social messages. Through the themes of women and family, these poems invite readers to reflect on the important roles of mothers and fathers in daily life and the values they instill in the family. These poems are beautiful and intriguing works that enrich Indonesian literature, especially in the theme of women and family

Notes on the Poets

1. Dr. Bhawani Shankar Nial

• Born: July 1968 in Kalahandi, Odisha, India
• Profession: Writer, editor, human rights activist, and poet
• Experience and Awards:
  • Dr. Nial is an internationally renowned poet who has published works in Odia, Hindi, and English.
  • Some of his works include “Lockdown” (Nial, 2020, International Poetry Anthology, 2020) and “An Encounter with Death” (Nial, 2021, Poetry Book, 2021), which will also be published in Italian and Spanish.
  • He has published three anthologies in Odia and two in Hindi (yet to be published).
  • Dr. Nial is the chief editor of several prominent literary magazines in India, including “The Surjya,” “The Kalahandi Express,” and “The Bande Kalahandi.”
  • He also serves as the Chief Editor of Mahuri, a leading literary magazine in Odisha, and has been leading the Mahuri Award since 2008.
  • His works have been translated into various international languages by renowned poets.
  • Dr. Nial has received numerous international awards, including “International Ambassador for Peace” by WLFPHR, Bhutan, and “Global Peace Ambassador” by Iqra Foundation, India.
• Works and Influence:
  • Dr. Nial is known for his works that depict various aspects of life, including personal, social, and cultural experiences.
  • His influence is widespread, with his works translated into 23 different languages, spreading his messages globally.
  • He is also active in various social, political, and cultural organizations in India, leading numerous movements for sustainable development and participatory democracy.
  • Dr. Bhawani Shankar Nial is a highly influential literary figure who has made significant contributions to literature and social activism.

2. Leni Marlina

• Profession: Female academic, writer, poet, founder and chair of various social digital communities in literature, poetry, and social fields, including: PPIPM-Indonesia (Pondok Puisi Inspirasi Pemikiran Masyarakat), Poetry-Pen International Community, World Children’s Literature Community, and Starcom Indonesia.
• Experience:
  • Active member of Satu Pena Sumbar
  • Active member of ACC Shanghai Huifeng International Literary Association
  • Indonesian Poetry Ambassador for ACC Shanghai Huifeng International Literary Association
  • Member of FSM (Forum Siti Manggopoh)
  • Lecturer in the Department of English, Faculty of Languages and Arts, Universitas Negeri Padang since 2006

3. Anto Narasoma

• Profession: Nusantara (Indonesian) literary figure, senior journalist, national poet, senior mentor of PPIPM community, member of Poetry-Pen International Community
• Experience:
  • Prolific with various works and writings in the fields of journalism, literature, painting, dance, singing, and drama
  • Received the Literary Award from the International Literary Association of Spain in 2022

Writer Biography

Yusuf Achmad (pen name), born in Surabaya on December 9, 1965. He completed his education in Surabaya, including a Master’s degree in Education in Language and Literature at UNESA (2003). Currently teaching at Airlangga University and serving as the Headmaster of SMK Saintren Al-Hasan Surabaya and the Chairman of the Association of Private Vocational High Schools (MKKS SMKS) in Surabaya. He has encouraged the writing of short stories by teachers and students, producing works (including those by Yusuf Achmad) “Kidney for UNAS” and “Wingless Longing.” His solo poetry collections are titled “And the Fake Ghosts I Borrowed” (bilingual) and “Belanggur in Nyamplungan.” He also compiled a literacy book titled “Vocational Literacy” (including his poems) as the chairman of MKKS Private Vocational High Schools in Surabaya in 2023. He is a columnist for the Mayara community magazine and is entrusted as an editorial board member of the digital platform suaraanaknegerinews.com. Other poetry reviews written by Yusuf Achmad can be seen at the following link: suaraanaknegerinews.com or contact via email: yusufachmad2018@gmail,com

References

1. Djajanegara, Soenarjati. Kritik Sastra Feminis: Sebuah Pengantar. Jakarta: Penerbit Universitas Indonesia, 2000.
2. Barry, Peter. Beginning Theory: An Introduction to Literary and Cultural Theory. 3rd ed., Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2009.
3. Achmad, Yusuf. Exploring Health and Hope in the Poetry of Leni Marlina: A Stylistic Analysis. Published digitally, 2025, by: suaraanaknegerinews.com.
4. Aminudin. Stylistics. Bandung: Sinar Baru Algensindo, 1997.
5. Kutha Ratna, Nyoman. Stylistics. Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pelajar, 2013.
6. Sabili.id. (2024). Fourteen Cases of Children Killing Parents in a Year.
7. Republika. (2024). Understanding Parricide, a Rare Case of Children Killing Parents.
8. Indonesian Child Protection Commission (KPAI). (2024). Filicide Emergency in Indonesia: The Phenomenon of Murder of Children by Parents or Close Family Members. Pimpinan Pusat ‘Aisyiyah.

Attachment:

Poem Texts by Dr. Saharma Bhawani Nial  MARCH 08

     A Valley 

     She is;

Mother of Many a civilization

And Their witness,

Beholding myriad

Rise and Fall

Over the ages

Daughter,

Daughter-in-law

And Mother too

She is;

An identity

Of a complete,

fully blossomed

Woman with fullness,

From whom begins

The endlessly different

tales and stories

About superman

And even

About the past and future

Of many a

Longing present

 FATHER

The moment

I popped out of

My mother’s womb

Treated I was with

Many a charmed bath

On customary rituals

Evoking

Air..Soil..

The Sun

And was handed over

To my father,

Recollecting the

Inexhaustible power

Of the womb,

As an heir of

Forthcoming Time

Age

Laws

And Fate.

Lying was I

At the pious feet

Of my father

With the solace

Of the infinite sky

And awaiting his order

With optimism

To satisfy

His creation.

Holding my finger

In his grip

Made me roam

Many a planet and star

And then bringing

Me down

Let me sleep

Safely

On the earthen floor.

Coming out

Of my village and

Telling me on the way,

From

Day to night

New-moon to full-moon,

About

The chemically

Incompatible mysteries

Of

Birth, death

Infancy, youth,

Sanction, renunciation,

Summer, rain, spring

War, love, peace,

Day and night,

Fell asleep he

Sometime

Caressing my head

And

The other time

Staring at the

Serenely grave sky

In the cool

Moon light

Giving a pause to

The pangs of

His incessant tales

Anticipating

My imminent sleeping.

Poem Texts by Leni Marlina

Ibu, Akar yang Menembus Batu

Ibu,

engkau adalah doa yang menyamar menjadi akar,

melilit pelan batu-batu sunyi,

menyusup dalam retakan waktu,

mencipta kehidupan dari hampa.

Di bawah tanah gelap, engkau menulis sajak

dengan huruf-huruf embun,

menanamkan makna pada tiap butir pasir,

mengaliri kerasnya bumi

dengan kelembutan yang lebih tajam

dari tepi pedang.

Engkau tidak melawan kerasnya batu dengan palu,

tidak pula menantang dengan gemuruh petir.

Namun, lembutmu adalah samudra yang tak bertepi,

yang mengikis karang dengan kesabaran berabad.

Ibu,

dalam matamu aku melihat hutan yang tak pernah lelah,

ranting-ranting doa yang menjangkau langit,

akar-akar kasih yang menembus palung bumi,

dan daun-daun rindu yang selalu hijau

di tengah musim dingin kehidupan.

Engkau menanamkan pelajaran di pori-pori batu:

bahwa kekuatan sejati

adalah bisikan lembut yang menggetarkan

lebih dalam dari jeritan badai.

Dalam senyummu,

aku membaca atlas keberanian,

kedua tanganmu adalah sungai yang tak henti mengalir,

mengantar kami ke samudra mimpi,

meski perahu dirimu karam dalam lelah.

Engkau adalah akar yang tak terlihat,

namun menopang gunung kehidupan,

engkau adalah napas bumi,

yang tak bersuara

tapi membuat dunia tetap berputar.

Ibu,

jika dunia ini adalah batu yang dingin,

maka engkau adalah kehangatan,

kami mohonkan ridho-mu, sebelum kami mohon ridho Tuhan.

Melbourne, Australia, 2012.

Poem Texts by Anto Narasoma

MAMA

(Hiasan bagi Hari Ibu)

Oleh Anto Narasoma

mama,

raut wajahmu yang lelah begitu memancar dalam perjalanan dunia anak-anakmu

tatkala kau urai

segenap kegelisahan

di paling ujung kamar tidurmu, segala doa yang kau simpan di bawah lipatan baju,

memendar di antara pajar hingga petang tiba

entah aku sulit membaca maknamu

ketika selusin anakmu

diwariskan papa ketika ia pergi ke dalam perjalanan terakhir

harta yang ada di pundakmu hanya tekad dan air mata. itu pun kerap kali mengalir tatkala kau mengkaji dirimu sendiri ke dalam hujan air mata

mama,

jika aku menatap wajah di antara senyum pada senja ini, kau masih berkubang dalam aroma pasar bagi mulut-mulut anakmu yang menganga

o, mama

kerja apa yang kau lakukan untuk membaca persoalan dari perjalanan hidup matinya jasad anak-anakmu?

Palembang, 23 Desember 2024